＜2011年度11月、東南アジア学会関東例会＞
日時： 2011年11月26日（土）13:30～17:45
会場： 東京外国語大学・本郷サテライト5階セミナースペース
http://www.tufs.ac.jp/access/hongou.html
☆ 第一報告（13時30分～15時30分）
報告者： 新谷春乃氏（東京大学大学院）
コメンテーター： 山田裕史氏（日本学術振興会特別研究員（PD））
報告題：「「カンボジア人民革命党／人民党政権による「民主カンプチア」言説の変遷―国定歴史教科書の検討を通して―」
＜報告要旨＞
本研究は、教育を国家の支配イデオロギー伝達の装置と捉え、教育の場に見られるカンボジア人民革命党／人民党政権の言説を分析することで、当時の政権の採用したイデオロギーの一側面を明らかにすることを目的としている。政権のカンボジア現代史評価において、「民主カンプチア」時代の捉え方は、カンプチア人民共和国の成立と、その後の政権の統治の正当性論理と密接に関連してきた。しかしながら、1979年以降のカンボジアの政治は一様ではないため、政権が採用する「民主カンプチア」時代を巡るイデオロギーの内容も、その都度変容してきたと考えられる。
本報告では、1979年から現在に至るまで、人民革命党／人民党政権による統治をひとつの政治的連続性をもったものとして捉え、その直前の体制であった「民主カンプチア」時代を、政権がカンボジア史の中にどのように位置づけ、記述してきたか、その変遷を明らかにするものである。政権による歴史認識が表出する場は様々にあるが、その中でも今回は国定歴史教科書の記述に焦点を当てる。ここで見られる変遷を通して、政権が採用するイデオロギーの中での「民主カンプチア」言説の有効性と限界を考察する。
☆第二報告（15時45分～17時45分）
報告者：Joss Wibisono氏 （京都大学東南アジア研究所）
コメンテーター：コメンテーターはありません。
報告題：「Fascination with Fascism: Japan and Germany in the Indies of 1930s」
＜報告要旨＞
Japan’s victory over Russia in 1905 was, as widely known, an eye opener for other Asian nations, especially those who were still colonized. At last fellow Asians defeated the white race, so it was perceived. Japan became a model and the interest in the country of the rising sun extended well until the 1930s, a different period in Japan as it embraced fascism. Information and knowledge about Japan filtered through to the Indies mainly through publications in Dutch, which, in turn, originated from Germany. This should not be a surprise, since a close relationship has long been established between Japan and Germany. In the Indies admiration for Japan grew into fascination for Germany too.
Ki Hadjar Dewantara, leader of the educational institute Taman Siswa and father of the Indonesian national education, admired Japan for its tradition of Kokka or “to govern a nation as a family”, as published in Wasita, one of Taman Siswa's periodicals. As an educationalist Dewantara emphasized the importance of family, which he considered as sacred and therefore adopted as a basis for Taman Siswa. At least in the 1930s Dewantara educated his pupils as if they were brought up in a family, the so-called Among System.
In 1930 Dewantara was also elected dictator of Taman Siswa. This was actually his strategy to face Dutch colonial authority, which was determined to shut down Taman Siswa. Taman Siswa was considered one of the so-called “wild schools”, because they rejected government subsidy and subsequent control. It turned out that as a dictator Dewantara succeeded in putting the colonial authority’s attempt to shut down Taman Siswa on hold. He also succeeded, for the first time ever, in uniting nationalist organisations in the Indies. This means there was no urgency to replace him as dictator. At best there was a change of title, from dictator into general leader.
There are some striking continuations between Dewantara and Soeharto.
First and foremost Dewantara wanted to have a strong leader, and Soeharto was indeed Indonesia’s strong man during 32 years of Neuordnung. Dewantara was also one of the authors of Constitution UUD 45, which Soeharto used to rule with iron fist. Soeharto also governed Indonesia as if he presided over a family. Not only did he confuse being head of a family with being head of state, he also did not give opposition a chance. Dewantara rejected division between employers and employees. By applying the Pancasila labour relations, Soeharto, in effect, prohibited labour unions.
In Dewantara’s fascination with pre-war Japan and Germany, we discover the origins of Soeharto’s dictatorship and also, perhaps, a history of the Indonesian Right.
J. Wibisono is senior producer at the Indonesian service of Radio Netherlands Worldwide, Hilversum Holland.
